The Subjunctive in German

The Subjunctive in German Konjunktiv I und II The German subjunctive mind-set (der Konjunktiv) comes in two assortments: (1) Subjunctive I (present subjunctive) and (2) Subjunctive II (past subjunctive). In spite of their epithets, comprehend that the subjunctive (in English or German) is an action word disposition, not an action word tense. Both the alleged over a significant time span subjunctive structures can be utilized in different tenses in German. What Is the Konjunktiv? What does the subjunctive really do? Youll discover subjunctive action word structures and articulations in practically any language, including English and German. The subjunctive state of mind is intended to pass on a message. The message can differ, yet the subjunctive is revealing to you that an announcement isn't only a plain certainty (the demonstrative state of mind), that there might be some uncertainty, or something is in opposition to the real world. In English, when we state, If I were you... the action word structure were is subjunctive and it passes on a message: I am not you, however... (The demonstrative structure would be the somewhat far-fetched I am you.) Other instances of the subjunctive in English: In the event that we just had the cash, we could...That would be an insane thing to do.God spare the Queen!They demand that she go.Be that as it may.He said he would not do that. Notice that in the models over the words would and could regularly turn up. Its the equivalent in German. In the entirety of the models given, the action word takes on a bizarre structure, not the same as the typical conjugation. Its the equivalent in German. For example, the demonstrative (typical) structure would be God spares as opposed to God spare. Rather than characteristic she goes, we see she go in the subjunctive. In German, the Konjunktiv is additionally framed by adjusting the action word conjugation here and there. Which of the two subjunctive structures is increasingly significant for understudies learning German? Both obviously! Yet, the Subjunctive II is utilized more in conversational German than Subjunctive I. Indeed, the past subjunctive is extremely basic in every day German. It is found in numerous typical statements (ich mã ¶chte..., I would like...) and is utilized to communicate uncertainty or good manners. In any case, well talk about all that when we get to the Subjunctive II exercise. Lets start with number one, the to some degree simpler Subjunctive I. Konjunktiv I - The Quotative - Present Subjunctive All in all, the Subjunctive I (present subjunctive) is utilized for the most part for the supposed quotative or circuitous discourse (indirekte Rede). It is heard or seen less and less every now and again in present day German, with the significant special case of reports on radio and TV and in the paper. In some cases the Subjunctive II is additionally utilized for roundabout discourse, typically when the Subjunctive I structure isn't clearly not quite the same as the demonstrative structure. Remember It When You See It! Since the Subjunctive I is experienced principally in a uninvolved manner - in print or in TV/radio news, it isn't fundamental for most German-students to figure out how to deliver it. It is progressively essential to remember it when you see it or hear itâ because the subjunctive is communicating something specific you have to comprehend. What message? For the most part the Konjunktiv Iâ is revealing to you that somebody said something that might possibly be valid. For example, in a news highlight a paper may report what somebody stated, utilizing the Subjunctive I: Der Nachbarâ sagte, bite the dust Dame lebe schon lnger im Dorf. The typical current state conjugation is bite the dust Dameâ lebt, however the subjunctive structure kick the bucket Dameâ lebe discloses to us that this what somebody said. The correspondent/paper isn't (lawfully) liable for reality of the announcement. At the point when you read the news in German or hear it on the radio, this purported circuitous discourse (indirekte Rede) is a structure ofâ indirectâ quotation that says, basically, that is the thing that we were told however we cannot vouch for the precision of the announcement. Different terms some of the time utilized for the Subjunctive I likewise say something regarding its utilization: the quotative, roundabout talk, aberrant discourse. Different Uses The Subjunctive I is additionally utilized in formal or specialized composition and in bearings or plans to communicate suggestions or directions: Specialized: Hierâ seiâ nurâ vermerkt, dass... (Here let it just be noted that...)Recipe: Manâ nehmeâ 100 Gramm Zucker, zwei Eier... (Take 100 g of sugar, two eggs...)Slogan: Esâ lebeâ der Kã ¶nig! (Long live the ruler!) Conjugating the Subjunctive I Many German grammarâ books orâ verb guidesâ will list full subjunctive conjugations, yet practically speaking, you extremely just need to know theâ third individual singularâ forms more often than not. The Subjunctive I is quite often found as an outsider looking in form:â erâ habeâ (he has),â sie seiâ (she is),â erâ kommeâ (hes coming), orâ sie wisseâ (she knows). This - eâ ending (with the exception of to be) instead of the typical - tâ ending in the German third individual is your sign to backhanded citation. The other non-third-individual structures are only every once in a long while utilized, so dont waste time with them! Similarityto Command Forms The fundamental Subjunctive I type of an action word is normally indistinguishable from its objective or order structure. In spite of the fact that there are a few special cases, the third individual solitary subjunctive and the natural (du) order frames regularly look alike: Er habe/Habe Geduld! (Have patience!), Sie gehe/Geh(e)! (Go!), or Er sei/Sei brav! (Be great!). This is additionally valid for theâ wir-orders (lets, we-commands): Seien wir vorsichtig! (Lets be mindful!) or Gehen wir! (Lets go!). For progressively about the order shapes in German, see Lesson 11â of German for Beginners. In any case, recollect, except if youre composing for a German paper or magazine, you dont should have the option to compose or state the Subjunctive I frames. You possibly need to remember them when you see them in print or hear them.

Public Health Policy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

General Health Policy examination - Essay Example A viable general wellbeing framework is equal to a sound country. In this manner, numerous administrations progress in the direction of diminishing, controlling and forestalling factors that sway contrarily on the status of general wellbeing. The paper sets aside some effort to survey the ‘Soda Warning Label Bill’ and its last ramifications on general wellbeing (Siegel and Donner, 2004). The bill centers around lessening the quantity of corpulence and diabetes cases among children and grown-ups. Weight and diabetes influences such a significant number of individuals in the province of California. The ‘Soda Warning Label Bill’ is among the most recent bills that try to improve the condition of general social insurance in California. The measure of sugar improved refreshments devoured by Americans is faltering. Indeed, these drinks go about as the essential wellspring of sugar in the eating regimen of incalculable Americans. The period somewhere in the range of 1977 and 2001 saw Americans increment the measure of sugar acquired from improved sugar refreshments (California Public Health Advocacy, 2006). In spite of the way that utilization of these refreshments has recently diminished, a normal American despite everything expends 150 calories of these drinks regularly. This means 45 gallons of these improved drinks in a solitary year. In a solitary day, it is evaluated that 77% of youthful grown-ups and 66% of kids expend at least one sugar improved drink. Besides, around 10% of calories devoured by youngsters originate from sugar improved drinks. These numbers show that sugar improved drink shapes a significant piece of diet surprisingly in California. The food that one expends has a tremendous bearing on oneâ₠¬â„¢s wellbeing. It doesn't make a difference whether one understands this or not. As indicated by these insights, it is straightforward sugar improved refreshments add to the expansion in stoutness, tooth rot and diabetes in the United States of America. These interminable

6 Reasons To Catch Up with Wayward

6 Reasons To Catch Up with Wayward I cant remember how I first heard about Wayward it might have been as simple as seeing the comic displayed at my LCS. When they gave me the pitch (Buffy in Japan) I was sold, and the reading experience did not disappoint. Ive been buying it in issues ever since. 1. The Essays: I buy in issues not only because I constantly need to know whats going to happen next, but because of the essays in the back. Each installment has a piece by folklore scholar Zack Davisson exploring the mythology central to the issue at hand, and they are entertaining and informative both. I dont know if this is a new trend, but the fact that three of my regular pulls (ODY-C, Bitch Planet, and Wayward) have a version of this is just The Best. (Related, if you know of any others doing this, *grabby hands*.) (Also also, I am sure the trades are nice too, and I will understand if essays are not your jam.) 2. Ayane: Whos an adorably vicious cat goddess? Its Ayane! art by Steven Cummings and John Rauch I love everything about her, from her multicolored hair to her limited social awareness to her bloodlust. I was probably going to like her no matter what (#TeamCat) but Zub has written her so well. Shes the comedic foil as well as the first one to rush into a fight, and she offers a through-line from Issue 1 to Issue 10. So, you know, basically the best. 3. The Big Picture View: I was concerned with the start of this second story arc, because where the hell was Rori?? The star of the first five issues, I found her immediately compelling. Ohara, the protagonist of 6-10, took me a little more time to warm up to. But it ultimately didnt matter, because it was always clear that creators Jim Zub and Steven Cummings had a vision. I didnt know what it was (although 10 gives us a glimpse) but I could tell it was there, and that was enough to keep me going. 4. The World-Building:  Did I mention mythology already? I love mythology. And Wayward plays with its foundation in a fascinating way. Each issue introduces different elements based on traditional Japanese folklore, but spun into a modern world. Zub and Cummings respect for their source material is clear, but theyre also not afraid to give it their own twist. The way that each characters powers work, how they fit into the city around them, how they play off each other, how the protagonists and antagonists interact and conflict you can tell that they spend a lot of time thinking about these things, and I love the care that shows. 5. The Uncertainty Factor: What the hell is actually going on? The puzzle pieces are starting to fit together, and I can definitely tell that there is the aforementioned Big Picture, but what it is exactly I still could not tell you. And thats what makes it fun. The balance theyve struck between monster of the week and overarching plot is definitely working for me. 6. The Action: For someone who doesnt like the horror genre as a whole, I find myself reading a surprising amount of horror comics. Wayward strikes the balance that I prefer: theyre not afraid to show gorey scenes or invoke body horror, but theyre also clearly not in it for shock value. Each dark moment has a purpose, whether its to advance the story or give depth to a character and its often both. art by Steven Cummings and Tara Bonvillain With Wayward, Vol. 2: Ties That Bind coming out soon, theres no better time to catch up. So go on; Ill be here waiting when youre ready to discuss! Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Should Smoking Be Legal - 995 Words

Whether or not most people realise, the question of banning cigarette smoking in the workplace balances on a blade that could sever a noose tied around the necks of 20,000, or sever a major artery keeping society operating. Whether you believe smoking bans are a slippery slope to a nanny state or the first priority to preventing needless deaths, there are important things to know about both sides of the argument. Tobacco smoking is unquestionably a large problem. In Australia, 1034 cigarettes per adult are consumed and 18,000 deaths are caused every year. Worldwide, deaths from tobacco equal murder, fatal accidents, diabetes, suicide and more preventable deaths combined. Unfortunately, seeing these statistics isn t enough for the whole population to quit. The solution to this problem does not lie with smokers but with legislation. The role of the government is that of parent to child, it s a relationship that has worked well for millions of years prior to human society; of course it is natural and logical to retain and expand upon this relationship in our modern human society. In more formal terms, the role of the government is to interfere with citizens lives in order to make their society a better place for the other citizens. The government is forced to make a decision; to ignore the tens of thousands dying, or to help them; to punish a child for misbehaving, or to allow them to make their own mistakes. In this familiar parent child relationship, either one of theseShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Legal?1706 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking tobacco has been in existence for thousands of years. For most of its existence smoking has been acceptable, tolerable, and permitted in our mainstream society. In recent years, smoking tobacco has been under scrutiny. Smoking bans have been introduced to restrict smokers from smoking in public and private places. For example, restaurants, bars, hotels, parks, and beaches throughout the United States have established the bans against public smoking. I discovered this has significance as itRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Be Legal1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe truth behind smoking. The commercial was spread across the country; on televised public service announced, billboards and posters. The commercial showed a former smoker Terrie, 51, entering a room, putting on false teeth, pulling on a wig, and exposing the hole in her throat. Terri s hole In her throat is called a stoma; a hole made in front of the neck to create a door for her windpipe to access air and reach the lungs. But the only way of getting throat cancer is smoking cigarettes, so whyRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Not Be Legal Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesIs Smoking Worth Being Legal Smoking is not worth being out there for the public to do, there are activities you could be doing and having an exciting moment of your life instead of smoking. Everyone thinks about the smell of a cigarette and the appearance of a smoker and think â€Å"Hey, there s a bum right there,† but they do not know about the true nature of cigarettes and smoking. Smoking may be considered a ‘hobby’ to someone who smokes yet most people do not know is the dark side to smoking. Read MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Be Legal1219 Words   |  5 Pagesdoctors smoke back then, right? So, you should smoke cigarettes too. If doctors do it, so could you. But is that the case in today’s society? 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Because ofRead MoreShould Smoking Be Raised?968 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is often viewed as a bad thing that definitely affects your health, but some teens believe that when you begin to smoke you become more popular. â€Å"90 percent of smokers began before the age 19 and about 30 percent of teen smokers continued smoking and died early from a smoking-related disease. On average, these smokers died 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers† (â€Å"11 Facts about Teen Smoking†). The idea of smoking is a very controversial topic in communities and the legal smoking age needsRead MoreWhy We Should Legalize Weed Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesmarijuana. Many people believe that marijuana is not a drug and that it’s simply a plant therefore it should be legal just like tobacco. Finally, there are people who want marijuana to be legalized for its medical benefits. What I think is the problem with legalizing marijuana is the fact that each one of these problems will become a major, mega problem that is hard to control once marijuana becomes legal. The fact is that the argument for legalizing marijuana is making headways and it’s getting closerRead MoreCigarettes : America s Most Detrimental Drug982 Words   |  4 Pagesdrug subculture. Others are accepted and almost promoted under certain circumstances. Tobacco is one of those drugs. Tobacco will be discussed in the context of cigarette smoking. This is not to undermine the existence or danger of other forms of tobacco, but instead to have an exhaustive discussion of cigarette smoking and its societal impact. Cigarettes are a means of inhaling tobacco, where it enters the lungs and is absorbed through the blood vessels, traveling to the heart, from which itRead More The Legalization of Marijuana Essay937 Words   |  4 Pageshot topic nowadays. Many people want this substance to be legalized and regularly available like cigarettes. But what some people do not know are the serious health risks involved when using marijuana. There is a lot more to marijuana than just smoking it. Marijuana can have very damaging affects on a person?s brain. It can impair a person?s short-term memory, decision-making and signal detection (Cannabinoids). ?In one study conducted in Memphis, TN, researchers found that, of

A Day For The Pursuit Of Peace - 2842 Words

As Blanche Porway’s was being transported to the deleterious Auschwitz concentration camp, she told her sister in an unfacetious voice, â€Å"We have to tell the people† . . . The answer from Beril Sinnreich is that â€Å"‘it shouldn’t happen again’†, and this is a vehement ideal that many Holocaust survivors share (Shaver)1.Elie Wiesel, author of Night, also shares this ambition and has an immense passion for the pursuit of peace. September 30th, 1928 was a happy day for Shlomo and Sarah Wiesel, for it was the day that their newborn son by the name of Eliezer Wiesel was welcomed into the Wiesel household in Sighet, Transylvania. Just like many typical Orthodox Jewish families in the area, Elie Wiesel had a traditional Jewish upbringing which†¦show more content†¦After Wiesel’s freedom was so rightfully restored, he mediated to himself that he could not sent back to the tainted memory of what happened in his hometown. Rather, he went to France to reconvene with his two older sisters that withstood the horrors of the Holocaust (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)5.During his time in Paris, Wiesel proceeded to take classes at the Sorbonne. While taking the classes, he engrossed himself in the field of journalism (â€Å"Elie Wiesel Timeline . . .†)6.In due time, Elie found a job as a correspondent for an Israeli newspaper, and he began to circumnavigated the world for his livelihood. It was up until that time where Wiesel would decline to speak about what he witnessed in the appalling event that is the Holocaust (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)7.That is, it was not until he was persuaded by Francois Mauriac that the people of the world are ready to listen to the damnation of what he experienced. With a bountiful number of stories to write, he started with the one that would portray his perspective of the Holocaust (â€Å"Elie Wiesel†)8. After parting ways with job as an Israeli newspaper correspondent in 1972 he found a new home in the United States of America. It was in this time that he became a professor at the City College of New York. After four years in New York, Wiesel started his career as a professor at Boston University (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)9.

Fantasy Story on crazy teachers Free Essays

It was I who first came up with the thought that teachers at Pemberton High are crazy. In fact, some of them might not even be human! It wouldn’t surprise me if I walked into the teacher’s lounge one day and saw them slouching in large leather recliners peeling off their faces and talking in some strange alien language. For a start, there’s my maths teacher Mr Henman. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy Story on crazy teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now His real name is Jim Davidson, but due to his love of tennis he calls himself Mr Henman after Tim Henman. Call her anything but Mr Henman and watch out. His face goes all red and he looks like a six-foot brick wall with a bad attitude. His ring finger is about a foot long and when he wags it at you it’s as though you’re looking at a withering garden snake. He’s over six feet tall and towers above the other teachers, even Mr Jones, our P.E teacher: And he’s a big old lump! Mr Henman is a retired, yes you guessed it, tennis player! He’ll pick you up by your ears and drop you on your head if you talk about Tim Henman or tennis in a bad way. As I said he’s a retired tennis player. For sixteen years he tortured other tennis players and umpires alike with his skill and bad attitude. Now he spends his days torturing us. Mr Henman is pure crazy! Last week he asked the class if there was anyone who had not handed in their money for the school trip. No one raised their hand, but, I knew that my friend Timmy Anderson had not. He lives alone with his mum and sister and they sadly can’t afford the trip. Mr Henman knew it too! I knew he was trying to make fun of Tim. â€Å"You’d better raise your hand,† I whispered, leaning close to Tim. â€Å"I’m not going,† he said. â€Å"Why?† Tim didn’t answer but I knew. â€Å"Don’t let him find out,† I said out of the corner of my mouth. â€Å"Otherwise, you know what he’s like he’ll say something to the whole school!† I could tell that Tim got nervous after that. He shifted in his seat and wouldn’t look up front. Mr Henman goggled at Tim in the way a hungry lion would look at a raw steak. I could tell he had some diabolical plan brewing in his head. As the bell rang everyone went for lunch. I was walking with Tim and as we passed the teacher’s lounge I noticed that the door was left partially open. This was it this was what I had been waiting for! This was my opportunity, I had to take it. I could sneak inside and listen to the teachers talking. I could prove that they were aliens or something worse. â€Å"Go on I’ll catch up,† I told Tim. He jogged and caught up with my sister Nicole. I checked the hallway to make sure no one was coming. When I was certain it was safe, I strolled over to the door. I pulled it back a little and stuck my head inside. I couldn’t hear anyone so I quickly slipped in and pulled the door to behind me. A walled coat rack separated me from the actual lounge. Still, it was quiet and I guessed that all of the teachers were down eating their lunch, peered around the corner and saw an empty room. As it was empty I decided that I would try again later and turned to go back out. That’s when I heard someone coming. I was almost hysterical as I raced around looking for someplace to hide. I saw a door across the room and hoped it was another way out. I was still thinking when I heard the door open. I sprang across the room like a rabbit and in no time I was on the other side of the door. I pulled it shut and quickly realised that I was in a closet. It wasn’t a solid door but one with wooden slats that ran across it. I could see out the door and hoped that whoever had come in wouldn’t notice me. I almost fainted when the Headmaster and Mr Henman ambled into the room. Mr Henman sat at the little table and the head poured each of them a cup of coffee. They were only a few feet in front of me. The head sat opposite Mr Henman â€Å"Have you finished collecting for the school trip?† the head enquired. Mr Henman looked at him for a minute and then said, â€Å"Yes. All done. Everyone is going this year.† The principle took a sip of his coffee and said, â€Å"I hope this is not like last year. You can’t keep paying for your kids to attend these things.† â€Å"It’s not like that at all,† he said. â€Å"The kids raised money this year to help each other out. They’re all paid up.† â€Å"You’re sure?† he pressed her. â€Å"Last year you paid out of your pocket for almost ten kids, Jim.† â€Å"I’m sure,† he said. The head said, â€Å"Good.† He finished his coffee and left the room. Now I was really curious. What was he trying to pull? Was he trying to set Tim up for something? My ears were burning red. Mr Henman took something from his pocket and put it on the table. I squinted and saw that it was a small calculator, then he pulled out a pencil and a piece of paper. He worked something out on the calculator, wrote it on the paper and then replaced it back in his pocket. Then he pulled out his mobile. Mr Henman dialled a number and I was able to listen in on his call. â€Å"This is Jim Davidson,† he said. He looked around the room as if he was expecting someone. â€Å"Yes, I’m calling about my car payment this month. I’m afraid I won’t be able to make it.† There was a long pause and then she spoke again. â€Å"I guess you could come get it at Pemberton High.† That evening as I rode the bus home, I saw Mr Henman walking from school. Earlier, I watched a man tow his car from the car park. And I noticed other things that I guess I just never paid attention to. He didn’t have a nice coat like the rest of the teachers. Mrs. Bailey had a real nice pair of suede boots. Mr Henman sported a pair of old tennis shoes. He didn’t look mad though, In fact, he had a smile on his face. I don’t know if I’d ever seen him smile before. Maybe he was one of those people who weren’t concerned about the number of possessions he owned? Maybe he was one of those people who was just happy to be living in such a prosperous area and working to help further children? Or maybe he was just a man with happy thoughts in his mind? I arrived home amazed by the look that had shone from Mr. Henman’s face, as I saw him walking from school. Had that been nearly any other human being, but especially the adults that I know, they would have been in tears. Boy did I learn something about teachers that day. Especially Mr Henman. I learnt that he’s not as crazy as I first thought he was, but a happy, contented man who was often misunderstood. I don’t think I’ll tell Tim, though. Sir wouldn’t like that very much. He’s not crazy, but neither am I! How to cite Fantasy Story on crazy teachers, Papers

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essays (367 words) - Lecturers,

Ralph Waldo Emerson Analysis of Genius Ralph Waldo Emerson was a brilliant man who took the meaning of self-reliance to another uniform. His convoluted conceptions on Genius and Transdentalism are more in touch with self. His inhabitants and whereabouts such as the Waldon pond were very substantial to him. David Thoreau a mere apprentice also shared the same residents for a brief time with Emerson. The two believed that society was everywhere like a joint stock company, where its members agree for better security of its bread for the shareholders. Both having strong belief in simplicity altered their lifestyle to a solitude place in nature. One would pose the question of Emerson's inclinations. When speaking Emerson tends to use masculine terminology which brings the time period to question also. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind?stated on p. 233 is a cue example. Emerson's open-minded theory suggested he supported women as well. Belief in Transdentalism brang him to the conclusion that to believe your own thought, to believe what is true for you in your private heart? is genius p. 233. Man must first believe in his own self rather than a plain partisan. Self-reliance is not only by thought but by deed as well. Emerson is very strong-minded individual with firm ideas. His beliefs in Transdentalism express his attitude towards society itself. Transdentalism is almost a religion within a religion. The belief in a higher power exists in the psyche and is realized when one visits the genius. Rarely does man have the opportunity to examine and escalate his understanding of this mindpower. Worldly distraction such as society may keep the individual from discovering the level of brainpower he or she may poses. Emerson's writings appear very vague until proven other wise. His ideas on genius are abstract until he explains conscious belief. Isolation has moreover helped influence the stages of the genius. Emerson's word choice was not only complex but also used in an outdated manner. His attitude is shown very strongly through his writing. All things considered Emerson led a life totally devoted to the research of his beliefs. Social Issues

Global Marketing Standardization vs. Adaptation essays

Global Marketing Standardization vs. Adaptation essays 1. The similarities between the French and Quebec markets were wildly overestimated and overemphasized in the marketing of Cleopatra soap in Quebec. It appears that Steve Boyd, group product manager for Colgate- Palmolive Canada, wanted a big win and saw Quebec as a proving ground for using European advertising techniques and appeals on the North American continent. He reasoned that French-speaking Quebec would offer that chance. If the French-speaking people of France liked it, why not the French-speaking people of Quebec' This seemed to follow a standardization' path, because "Though many critical issues pertaining to standardization remain largely unresolved, there is a general belief that greater efficiencies might be achieved through the standardization of global marketing activities," and this could be considered one small step in that direction. (Samiee, 1994, 579+) However, there were a couple of red flags immediately. First, at least as it is written here, Boyd had a fairly unshakeable preconception regarding his Canadian test.' Second, some other managersnotably Stan House, were enthusiastic because of Boyd's conviction and not because of any conviction of their own. Third, and perhaps most telling in the narrative, some mangers were skeptical. Moreover, these were Canadian managers who "resented having a brand thrust on them." (Local Marketing, Had Boyd done some additional research, he might have found that even introducing Cleopatra across Europe had not been without problems, and that adaptation in the marketing plan had been required. "In marketing a Euro- brand it is vital to know the consumer in order to identify commonalities and differences. The Cleopatra concept, with its message of luxury and indulgence, was felt to have a universal appeal. Nonetheless, different markets demanded subtle changes in the verbal and visual me...

SAT Exact Start Time and End Time

SAT Exact Start Time and End Time SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Timing is everything, especially when it comes to the SAT. Besides managing your time on eachsection of the test, you also have to plan your day around this long exam. Since latecomers won't be admitted to the testing room, when should you plan to arrive on test day? For that matter, what time can you breathe a sigh of relief and, all finished with the exam, head back home? This guide will go over the exact start and end times of the SAT so you can plan your schedule for that special SAT-urday. What Time Do You Need to Arrive for the SAT? The SAT is given on Saturday mornings (unless you request and are approved for an alternative testing date due to religious reasons). Doors close at 8:00AM, unless otherwise specified, so students should aim to be at the test center by 7:45AM at the latest. Some test locations, including your high school, will be holding multiple exams, like the GRE for graduate school. There might be a line of people waiting, and it could take some time to find your name on a list and locate your room. To be especially safe and get ahead of any lines, you sould aim to be there even earlier, like by 7:30AM. Apart from finding your assigned room and seat, you also may have to hang up your bag and/or coat somewhere outside of the testing room. What also takes time that morning is getting checked in with your admission ticket and ID. [Side note: make sure to hold onto your admission ticket, as you'll need it to fill out some personal information on your test!] Once you find your room and assigned seat, your proctor will give instructions and pass out the tests. You'll spend some time filling out your personal details on the test. All of this settling in takes about 30 minutes to an hour, so you'll start taking the SAT between 8:30AM and 9:00AM. Again, arrive by 7:45AM at the latest. No one will be admitted once testing has started. You'll be at your testing center for 45 minutes to an hour before you start in on your first section, which will be Reading on the redesigned test. After you begin between 8:30AM and 9:00AM, what time will you be all finished with the SAT? Will you look something like this? When Will You Be Finished With the SAT? The new SATis 3 hours long, or 3 hours and 50 minutes with the optional essay. Since you can decide whether or not to take the essay section on the redesigned SAT, your choice will determine your exact end time. Given this variation, let’s consider your end time on the SAT in two scenarios: first, without the essay, and second, with the essay. SAT End Time Without the Essay If you choose not to take the essay, then you’ll be finished about an hour earlier than students who elect to include this section. The SAT has a 65-minute Reading section, a 35-minute Writing and Language section, and two Math sections: 25 minutes (without calculator) and 55 minutes (with calculator). The sections on the SAT will be given in this same order - Reading, Writing, Math (no calculator), and Math (with calculator). You should get twoshort breaks of about five minutes each, one after the Reading section and the other between the two Math sections. While your total testing time will be 3 hours, your entire test-taking experience will look more like 3 hours and 10 minutes with the breaks. If you began your test between 8:30 and 9:00, then you'd be finished between 11:40AM and 12:10PM. At this point, you’re all donewith your SAT. Other students, though, may stay longer and move onto a fourth hour of testing if they're taking the essay. SAT End Time With the Essay Students who choose to take the SAT essay will get this section last, after Reading, Writing and Language, and both Math sections. The essay is 50 minutes long, and you’ll get a short break of five to ten minutes before you start writing. That means you can add 55 minutes to an hour to your end time. If you start taking the SAT (with the essay) between 8:30AM and 9:00AM, then you can expect to be finished sometime between 12:35PM and 1:10PM. A good estimate for your end time is around 1:00PM Apart from the amount of time it takes to get everyone checked in and ready to test, are there any variations in how long the SAT takes? Does the SAT Always Take the Same Amount of Time? Except for students with accommodations for extended time, the SAT should take the same amount of time in any testing center in the U.S. or internationally. The reality is that there can be some variation in terms of break time, with some proctors being more flexible and allowing between five and ten minutes. If there were any problems, such as distracting noise or a student being dismissed for cell phone use, this could also potentially cause a delay. Some students have reported that proctors skipped their breaks entirely, which isn't helpfulfor your pacing or for fairness across the board. You have the right to two 5-minute breaks (and a third before the essay), so you should speak up if you don't get your entitled break time. One recent incident involving an issue with timing was on the June 6th 2015 administration of the current version of the SAT. There was a misprint in the test booklet, resulting in some students receiving an extra five minutes on what should have been a 20 minute section. This was a huge problem that caused a lot of controversy and complaints, as an extra five minutes is a full 25% increase in time for some students and not others. Ultimately, the College Board still provided scores for students, but omitted that particular section, claiming that it could still provide accurate scores without it. Apart from this June 6th situation, which hopefully won’t repeat itself with the simplified format of the redesigned SAT, the SAT start and end time generally remain standard at around 3 (or 4) hours in all test centers. For the most part, you can be pretty confident about what your schedule will look like on test day. You can further take control of your morning by preparing everything you’ll need the day before. Armed and ready with No. 2 pencils. Planning for SAT Test Day Pack your bag with Number 2 pencils, a calculator, snacks, and a drink, and plan to arrive at your testing center between 7:30AM and 7:45 AM. You'll spend about an hour checking in, finding your room and assigned seat, and filling out personal details on the test before you actually begin taking it between 8:30AM and 9:00AM. To sustain your focus and energy over this four-hour period of test-taking, make sure to take advantage of breaks to move around, drink water, and have a snack. Look around the room or out the window, as staring up close at a test for so long can strain your eyes. Just moving and doing something else, even if it's just for a few minutes, will help re-energize you, clear your mind, and collect yourself before the next section. You'll be all finished with the SAT between 12:30PM and 1:00PM. Congratulate yourself for preparing for and taking this intense test, and enjoy the rest of your Saturday! What's Next? What SAT score should you be aiming for?What's a good SAT score?Find out more in our detailed guide. Feelingstressed about finishing all the questions in time? Learn and try out these best strategies to stop running out of time on Critical Reading and Math. Have youregistered for the SAT yet?If not, check out our step-by-step guide to SAT registration for everything you need to know. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Ethical Decision Making Process within the Law Enforcement Thesis Proposal

The Ethical Decision Making Process within the Law Enforcement Organization.An Examination of Inappropriate Unethical Behavior from Law Enforcement Officers while Working within the Communities - Thesis Proposal Example Ethical decision-making was to be treated as an essential area of concern among the local law and security enforcement agencies. One would be left to ask a number of questions that may lack a readymade answer. Why do law enforcement officers and security personnel engage in the unethical behaviour? What is the role of ethical decision making in addressing the vices of corruption and abuse of power among the police force? Is there a relationship between training and behaviour? What perception do the communities hold toward the conduct of law enforcement officers? These and many other frequently asked questions require answers that may only come along through a detailed study of the subject matter. Corruption, abuse of power, assault of women and other vulnerable groups during times of calamities have been manifest features of almost every law enforcing agency in the world. The security and other law enforcing groups have severally been reported to have used more force on the ordinary people than stipulated in the law (Caldero, Crank & Crank, 2014). The result of the tainted name of the law enforcement officers has been the fear and resentment by the communities that have fallen victims of circumstances in this regard. One would wonder the ethical picture manifested when ordinary people express their distrust and lack of confidence in a group that should perform a role that is paramount to peaceful human existence. Is it because of lack of proper training on the ethical standards and codes of moral conduct in the course of discharging their duties or is it a culture that has gradually made its roots in the system? Corrective measures are urgently needed to redeem the tainted r eputation and public image of the law enforcement and security agencies. The problem that has been identified is an increase of activity in unethical decision making by law enforcement officers on duty while serving within designated communities

FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS Essay

FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS - Essay Example y the company used to market for the age group 6-12 but later on since 2003 they began evolving products for the teenagers as well as young customers in their twenties. The company had its original marketing plan for the kids where they used to concentrate on fairy tale themes with mermaids, oceans and the sea colours making up for the product design. (Splash 2) Information, Information Systems and Information Technology are different aspects of organizational management. Information is critical to the managers and workers of the organization to function, Information systems provide them with a structure to derive information and information technology is the technology behind the entire operation. â€Å"A distinctive feature of our programme, however, is its insistence on the need to study management and information systems in context, taking account of both professional, good practice models, and of the particular environments in which those models are applied.† (Heeks & McCourt 14) The information system depends on Management and Information System which is different from the management information system part. The management and information system is more concerned with the people, information and technology where all three are different parameters whereas management information systems have more to do with monitoring and quality control. The information systems identified for Splash is an electronic commerce website model which is a niche segment of the market. The pace at which the internet technology has developed today has made the e-commerce model an extremely successful one in which there is still a huge scope and market for the company to sell their products. The concept of reaching out to millions of customers across the globe and selling their unique style of cosmetic products is something which the Splash management should go for in their goal of expanding their existing business. â€Å"The internet makes it very easy for people to find goods, and it

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay India with a population of around a billion and an electorate of over 700 million is the worlds largest democracy and, for all its faults and flaws, this democratic system stands in marked contrast to the democratic failures of Pakistan and Bangladesh which were part of India until 1947. Unlike the American political system and the British political system which essentially have existed in their current form for centuries, the Indian political system is a much more recent construct dating from Indias independence from Britain in 1947. The current constitution came into force on 26 November 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for all citizens. In stark contrast with the current constitution of Japan which has remained unchanged, the constitution of India has been one of the most amended national documents in the world with more than 80 changes. Many of these amendments have resulted from a long-running dispute involving the Parliament and the Supreme Court over the rights of parliamentary sovereignty as they clash with those of judicial review of laws and constitutional amendments. Indias lower house, the Lok Sabha, is modelled on the British House of Commons, but its federal system of government borrows from the experience of the United States, Canada and Australia. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH The head of state in India is the President. This is normally a ceremonial role, originally modelled on the British monarch to advise, encourage and warn the elected government on constitutional matters. The President can return a Parliamentary Bill once for reconsideration and, in times of crisis such as a hung Parliament, the role is pivotal. The President can declare a state of emergency which enables the Lok Sabha to extend its life beyond the normal five-year term. As members of an electoral college, around 4,500 members of the national parliament and state legislators are eligible to vote in the election of the President. The Indian Presidency has recently attracted special attention because for the first time a woman now occupies the role: Pratibha Patil who was formerly governor of the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. There is also the post of Vice-President who is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament. The Vice-President chairs the the upper house called the Rajya Sabh. The head of the government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the majority party in the lower house or Lok Sabha. Currently the Prime Minister is Manmohan Singh of the ruling United Progressive Alliance. Key features of the Prime Minister (head of government): Commander in Chief of the military and acts as ultimate military authority. Through the cabinet proposes the bulk of legislation to the House of the People Acts as the head of the Majority party in the House of the people and is installed. No term limit and can be removed through a vote of no confidence. Key Features of the President (head of state) key features: elected to 5 year terms. Ceremonially appoints the Prime Minister Appoints the Cabinet Ministers Can dissolve the Lok Sabha after the Prime minister loses a vote of no confidence. Can declare national state of emergency or Presidential rule of a state. Ministers are then appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and these ministers collectively comprise the Council of Ministers. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH The lower house in the Indian political system is the Lok Sabha or House of the People. As set out in the Constitution, the maximum size of the Lok Sabha is 552 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people from the states of India, up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two members to represent the Anglo-Indian community if it does not have adequate representation in the house according to the President. Currently the size of the house is 545 made up of 530 elected from the states, 13 elected from the territories, and two nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. By far the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 80 members. At the other end of the scale, three states have only one representative each. There are certain constituencies where only candidates from scheduled casts and scheduled tribes are allowed to stand. Each member except the two nominated ones represents a geographical single-member constituency as in the British model for the House of Commons. Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which may extend the term in one year increments. This has happened on three occasions: 1962-1968, 1971 and 1975-1977. Elections are a huge and complex affair which nationwide are held in five seperate rounds taking a total of 28 days. Link: Lok Sabha The upper house in the Indian political system is the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. As set out in the Constitution, the Rajya Sabhahas has up to 250 members. 12 of these members are chosen by the President for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the house currently comprising 238 members is elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the units population. Again, of course, the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 31 members. The method of election in the local legislatures is the single transferable vote. Terms of office are for six years, with one third of the members facing re-election every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous session and, unlike the Lok Sabha, it is not subject to dissolution. Link: Rajya Sabha The two houses share legislative powers, except in the area of supply (money) where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held. If there is a conflict which cannot be resolved even by the joint committee of the two houses, it is solved in the joint session of the Parliament, where the will of the Lok Sabha almost always prevails, since the Lok Sabha is more than twice as large as the Rajya Sabha. POLITICAL PARTIES In India, political parties are either a National Party of a State Party. To be considered a National Party, a political party has to be recognised in four or more states and to be either the ruling party or in the opposition in those states. Ever since its formation in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) and its successor has been the dominant political party in India. For its first six decades, its focus was on campaigning for Indian independence from Britain. Since independence in 1947, it has sought to be the governing party of the nation with repeated success. As a result, for most of its democratic history, the Lok Sabha has been dominated by the Indian Congress Party which has been in power for a great deal of the time. However, since the Congress Party lost power in 1989, no single party has been able to secure an overal majority in the Lok Sabha, making coalitions inevitable. Also, unlike Japan where the Liberal Democrat Party has been in power almost continuously, Congress has had (usually short) periods out of power, between 1977-1980, 1989-1991 and 1996-2004. The original Congress Party espoused moderate socialism and a planned, mixed economy. However, its spin-off and successor, Congress (I) I in honour of Indira Gandhi now supports deregulation, privatisation and foreign investment. While the Congress Party has historically dominated Indian politics, the leadership of the Congress Party in turn has been dominated by one family: Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister, served for 17 years; his daughter Indira Gandhi later became Prime Minister; his grandson Rajiv Gandhi was also Prime Minister; currently the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi holds the position as Congress President although she has refused to accept the post of Prime Minister; and her son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament, while her daughter Priyanka Gandhi is an active political campaigner. The Indian Congress Party is the leading party in the Centre-Left political coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) which embraces a total of 16 parties. The other major, but more recently-established, political party in India is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Created in 1980, it represents itself as a champion of the socio-religious cultural values of the countrys Hindu majority and advocates conservative social policies and strong national defence. The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, led the government between 1998-2004. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the leading party in the Right-wing political coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). When it was originally founded in 1998, there were 13 parties in the coalition but currently there are eight. A Third Front is a grouping centred on the Communists. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in civil, criminal and constitutional cases. The court consists of up to 26 judges, including the Chief Justice of India, all of whom are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. They serve until the age of 65. THE STATES India is a huge country both demographically and geographically and consequently it operates a federal system of government. Below the national level, there are 28 States and seven Union Territories. The largest of Indias states is Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the north of the country. With over 175 million inhabitants, UP is the most populous state in India and is also the most populous country subdivision in the world. On its own, if it was an independent nation, this state would be the worlds sixth biggest country. Only China, India itself, the United States, Indonesia and Brazil have a higher population. In Indian general elections, it fills more than one-seventh of the seats in Indias Parliament and, such is the states caste-based and sometimes violent politics that, currently a quarter of UPs MPs face criminal charges. Over the years, India has evolved from a highly centralised state dominated by one political party to an increasingly fragmented nation, more and more influenced by regional parties and more and more governed locally by unstable multi-party alliances. In the General Election of 2009, Congress and the BJP faced each other in only seven of the 28 States; elsewhere, one of the two national parties faced a regional party. CONCLUSION Politics in India is much rougher and much more corrupt that in the democracies of Europe and North America. Political assassination is not uncommon: the revered Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, and the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 were all killed by assassins. Communal, caste and regional tensions continue to haunt Indian politics, sometimes threatening its long-standing democratic and secular ethos. Recent years have seen the emergence of so-called RTI activists tens of thousands of citizens, often poor, sometimes almost illiterate, frequently highly motivated who use the Right To Information legislation of 2005 to promote transparency and attack corruption in public institutions. In the first five years of the legislation, over a million RTI requests were filed and so threatening to authority have some of the RTI activists become that a number of have been murdered. (B) The ideology of the ruling party Political parties in India love to talk about ideology. Each political party is supposed to have an ideology. So even if a political party does not have any ideology, it will never say so. If you were to ask probing questions about a partys ideology to a staunch loyalist of the party, you would either be bombarded with a short, nebulous and high-sounding label or be told that the ideology is too complex for anyone to understand so quickly and one would need to spend a few years in the party to really understand the ideology of the party. The mystification of ideology goes back in Indian history to Gandhi. From around 1920 to 1947, Gandhi ruled over Indian political scene through the ideological direction that he provided to Congress. Gandhian ideology was supposed to be very simple, based as it was on just two simple principles of truth and non-violence. Yet, it was not so simple. Nobody, during Gandhis time (and even after his death), could claim to have understood Gandhian ideology completely. Followers of Gandhi would claim their degree of understanding of the ideology based on the years they had spent with Gandhi. Ideology of Gandhi consisted of all that he spoke over the years. If there was an internal inconsistency or contradiction in his utterances or actions, it was not for a Gandhian to question it. All that an ordinary mortal could do was to just look with reverence at all that Gandhi did. If Gandhi deviated from what he had said in the past, it was hailed as development of Gandhian thought and was acclaime d as an experiment with truth. On the other hand, if anyone else moved a step beyond literal words of Gandhi, it was condemned. Gandhi was surely a great leader. But his ideology did not live past him. Even his brightest follower, whom he liked most, did not follow his ideology. Nehrus dreams of modern India had nothing Gandhian about them. As long as Gandhi lived, for Congressmen, sole source of ideology was Gandhi. After Gandhis death this position passed on to Nehru. After Nehru, there was a brief interlude when Lal Bahadur Shastri in his position as the sole fountainhead of Congress ideology proclaimed Jai Jawan, Jai Kissan. Soon after the interlude, Indira Gandhi stepped in. Her vision of socialism was a departure from Gandhi, Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri. Such departures did not bother Congressmen who, by that time, knew only one ideology Boss is always right. Less than a decade after Indira Gandhis death, a Congress Prime Minister initiated reforms and demolished licence-permit-quota-raj built assiduously by Indira Gandhi and Nehru. The same Congressmen, who had been declaring their unflinching loyalty to Nehru-Indira ideology, now were the champions of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization. Temples of modern India, built as part of Nehrus vision, were to be sold as part of disinvestment and Congress was applauding. The irony is that the author of economic reforms has now become the prime minister of India with support of socialist and communist parties. He continues to talk of reforms in the same breath as reservations for backward classes in private sector. Ideological contradictions have never bothered Congress. The party has evolved through contradictions and probably that is its greatest strength. Irrespective of all that Congress leaders may shout from public platforms, the essential ideology of Congress is pragmatism. Cynics might say that pragmatism is a lofty word for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest. But that is just another way of looking at Congress, which claims to be a party that knows how to rule. It is a party that knows how to mould itself to suit the circumstances. If it sees wide support for Hindutwa, it will jump to the Hindu bandwagon. One cannot forget that Rajiv Gandhi took the lead in production of TV serials like Ramayan and Mahabharat; and Sardar Patel took the initiative for reconstruction of Somnath temple. On the other hand if Muslim fundamentalism is the flavour of the month, Congress can even get parliament to pass a law that overrules a Supreme Court judgement. Being on the right side of the ideological divide, in line with changing times, is a natural gift of the Congress. The party can be different things to different persons and no one can afford to make a categorical statement about the ideology of Congress. As they say, it is so profound and complex that you will need to devote a lifetime to understand it and may be even then you would still not have understood it. Of course, if you are fortunate enough to become President of All India Congress Committee and Prime Minister of India, every statement you make will be accorded the status of Biblical truth. There are a large number of Indian parties, which are just clones of Congress. Most of them are regional parties. They have failed to become national parties because (a) they are unable to match the brand goodwill that Congress enjoys and (b) they do not have the resources that Congress commands. Many of them are successful in their region because their leaders are able to maintain a closer (compared to Congress and other national parties) contact with local aspirations and are able to better satisfy the collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest of the breed that is known in todays India as political workers. The importance of this breed cannot be overemphasized. Socialist thinkers (Ram Manohar Lohia and others) drew from this breed and created a sub-breed called socialists. This sub-segment is characterized by extreme individualism. For socialists, the pursuit of self-interest is hardly collective. Socialists get together and separate at such a quick pace that one loses track of who is in which party. Their individualism gets a collective tinge in the form of catering to family ties and caste interests. India is probably the only country where all socialist parties are casteist. There are also caste-based parties whose only ideological commitment is catering to the interests of one or more set of castes. Such caste-based parties also often paint themselves with socialist colours. Caste as a reality of Indian politics has not spared even the communists. Yet, it must be admitted that communists remain the only group in Indian political jungle with a fairly well defined ideology. Of course, having an ideology is different from following it. Communism, as propounded by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin or Mao Tse Tung, is a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its existence in a free democracy with mixed economy is an anachronism. For the past five decades, Indian communist parties have been trying to come to terms with existence in a democratic society. Till the collapse of Soviet Union, at least one of the Communist parties received indirect financial and moral support from Soviet Union. The fall of Soviet Union was a big blow for Indian communists in more ways than one. To survive, almost all communist parties have turned lobbyists for organized labour. Most public sector units and a few large private sector industries have communist trade unions. These trade unions pro vide the funds for running of communist parties in India. Dictatorship of the proletariat has, hence, turned into pressure tactics and lobbying for more and more benefits for the pampered unproductive workers of unprofitable public sector industries. If providing these benefits makes it necessary to impose higher taxes on the proletariat, the communists do not mind it. According to Marx, industrialization was a necessary perquisite for communism. Indian communists have, however, led to a virtual stoppage of industrialization in the two states of Kerala and West Bengal where they have ruled for a long time. The communist political worker is not much different from the general breed of self-interest driven political workers. A few years back, an erstwhile close friend moved from being a full time worker of a communist trade union to Bharatiya Janata Party via Hindujas (a well-known business family). He was welcomed with open arms by the top brass of BJP. Today, he is part of the topmost echelons of BJP. Most people are surprised by, what they see as, his ideological somersault. The fact is that in the ideology-less world of Indian politics, there is a good demand for expert players who can play this game with aplomb without any pangs of conscience. Till a few years back, BJP did not recruit from the floating pool of such expert players. RSS used to provide BJP with all the manpower that it needed. Even today bulk of BJPs manpower needs are met by supplies from RSS. For past seven decades or so, the organizational structure of RSS with its roots spread across the length and breadth of the country has been inspiring a new and different set of volunteers to step into public life. This set did not come into public life for the gains of power or for amassing wealth. Before BJPs rise to power in some states, they used to endure great hardships. The zeal and commitment of RSS workers was praised by even their adversaries and critics. RSS workers were fired by an ideology, often called as Hindu nationalism, that could best be described as a mix of nationalism and strong religious sentiments. RSS did not invent Hindu nationalism. The ideology is more than a century old. Towards the end of nineteenth century, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand, working independently, built a religious-political movement that in due course became the foundation of Indias freedom struggle. Both of them were bitterly opposed by the orthodox elements of Hinduism at that time. They espoused a version of Hinduism, which was progressive and reformist. This was unacceptable to Shankaracharyas and other authorities of Hindu community. In a way, Dayanand-Vivekanand combine represented one ideology and Shankaracharyas represented quite an opposite ideology. In the initial years, RSS represented the former, but it never spelled its ideology in explicit terms. To an extent, RSS felt that ideological confusion would help it attract all sections of Hindu society, so all ideological debates were forbidden. Its aim to become an omnibus diluted its ideological focus. RSS chose to replace ideology with emotion. Senior leaders of RSS preached that organizations are built on the basis of bonds of heart and not on the basis of intellectual debate. Bonds of heart are useful for building a large voluntary organization, but they are of no use when one has to govern or take key decisions in fields of economic or strategic policy. This explains the floundering of BJP as a party of governance. RSS was built to be a fighting machine. The operating software of this machine does not have the capability to deliberate on profound complicated issues. Action rather than thought is the key focus of RSS as well as BJP. It is hence not surprising that RSS, as well as BJP, lacks clarity on all ideological issues. As an example, let us take the case of Common Civil Code. For more than five decades, RSS and all its offshoots have been demanding a common civil code. In this long period it has never occurred to them to prepare a draft of the proposed common civil code. I have asked senior leaders of Sangh clan about what they want in the common civil code. Their stock reply is that as and when they are in a position to pass such legislation, they will appoint a group to prepare such a draft. In other words they acknowledge that they do not even know what should be the broad contours of the code for which they have been shouting for half a century. Lack of depth marks every single ideological plank that RSS and BJP claim as their essential identity. Of course, I have not spent a lifetime working with the Sangh clan and Sangh loyalists would be quick to shout that I lack the essential qualification to comment on their ideology. Have we heard that before? Yes, Congressmen say the same. In a way, BJP has just become a clone of Congress. What Gandhi is to Congress, Guru Golwalkar and Dr. Hedgewar are to BJP. BJP officially claims to follow the ideology of EKATM MANAVWAD (translated by them as Integrated Humanism), propounded by Deendayal Upadhyay. I have yet to meet a BJP leader who can explain the ideology in some depth. You may, of course, try to work as an apprentice with some BJP leaders and hopefully before the end of your life you would know what integrated humanism is all about. The ideological vacuum in BJP is filled by one universal ideology Boss is always right. So, just as Congressmen look up to Sonia Gandhi as the fountainhead of ideology, BJP cadres look up to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and LK Advani. RSS, which claims to be the mother organization of BJP, has lost its moral high ground. RSS still supplies bulk of manpower for BJP. But, for a BJP leader, utterances of Atal-Advani are more important than the noises coming from RSS headquarters at Nagpur. Ideological somersaults committed by Atal-Advani have often confused laymen. Diehard BJP loyalists have, however, been quick to change tacks as and when the bosses jumped. These loyalists have risen in BJP hierarchy and live a life of luxury with all the trappings of power. As BJP leaders have got used to a life of luxury, a major change has come about. Word has gone around that the right channel to get into BJP goes via RSS. As a result, the profile of volunteers entering RSS has undergone a sea change. Emotionally charged, ideologically inspired zeal and commitment are now history. Career-oriented would-be politicians with dreams of power and luxury are entering RSS en route to BJP. They ask no questions and are too willing to jump with every somersault of the leadership. The conversion of BJP into a Congress-clone or a club for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest signals a national crisis. A decade back, BJP (and Sangh clan) was seen to be the great hope for India. Today, BJP is just another party of petty politicians. India has lost all hopes from her political class, which is intellectually, morally and ideologically bankrupt. A country without hope is in a danger zone. India cannot remain in this zone for long. A new ideology and a new political party, which will be the torchbearer of the new ideology, is the need of the hour. As the new ideology and party take shape, we can either curse our luck for living in this hour of crisis of ideology or we can work for heralding the new sunrise. (C) The strength of opposition The opposition in a democracy plays as important a role as the government. For a strong and sensible government to work in a proper way, according to the will of the people, and equally strong and sensible opposition is a must. Such an opposition is the secret of the success of democracy in England, the oldest democracy of the word. There is mainly one strong political party is opposition. In this lies the strength of democracy in that country. On the other hand, in Indian there are a number of opposition parties constantly quarreling among themselves. This is the greatest weakness of Indian democracy. In India there is no strong, united and healthy opposition. There are various reasons for it. No industrial revolution has taken place in this country. The result is that the working class is not politically conscious and, therefore, it is disunited and weak. The opposition parties do not have any clear cut programmes and policies. Their approach is often communal, sectarian or regional. Their leaders are confused and have no idea of their aims and objectives. They quarrel for power and there are frequent splits. There are often defections on a large scale. People do not have faith in such parties, and so they fail to secure a majority in the elections. In the legislature itself, their leaders indulge in destructive criticism to gain their political ends. They keep party interest above national interest. The role of opposition in a democracy is very important. The opposition accelerates the growth of the county or retards its growth by untimely agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and propensity and failed entirely to gain their objectives. The Governments policy of State Trading in Food grains was wrongly criticized for political reasons. The result was that procurement targets could not be reached and wheat had to be imported to build up comfortable buffer stock. This was essential to hold the price-line. Such a destructive approach is against the national interest. The role of opposition in a democracy should be healthy. It should criticize the Government policies in the national interest and not for part gains. The opposition parties must come together and merge on the basic of similarity in their ideologies. Universal illiteracy and universal poverty, unhealthy linguist, regionalism, racism and casteism characterize Indian life. They are all obstacles in the way of the growth of a cohesive social and political life in the country. There is a mushroom growth of political parties due to the selfishness and lack of far sightedness of their leaders. Parties can come together on the basis of common ideology. But in India the party alliances are opportunistic, the only common ground between them being their hostility to the Government. Obviously, such alliances are bound to be short lived. For example, the Janta Party was a coalition of a number of political parties. So it, could not rule the nation for any length of time. It was thrown out of power due to the inter-quarreling of the opposition parties. In a democracy the aims of the Government and the opposition should be the same- the good of the people. The opposition should criticize the government to implement its manifesto. It should criticize the government only to make it more efficient and honest. Criticism should be based on sound principles. Opposition parties should keep in mind that they may be called upon by the people to form the Government by any time. They should, therefore, function in a responsible way. Prior to 1967, the opposition was divided into an array of small parties. While the Congress garnered between 45 percent and 48 percent of the vote, no opposition party gained as much as 11 percent, and during the entire period, only two parties won 10 percent. Furthermore, in each election, independent candidates won between 12 percent and 20 percent of the vote. The oppositions first significant attempt to achieve electoral unity occurred during the 1967 elections when opposition party alliances won control of their state governments in Bihar, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, and West Bengal. In Rajasthan an opposition coalition prevented the Congress from winning a majority in the state legislature and forced it to recruit independents to form a government. The Congress electoral debacle encouraged even more dissidence within the party, and in a matter of weeks after the elections, defections brought down Congress governments in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. By July 1967, state governments of two-thirds of the country were under opposition rule. However, opposition rule in many cases was short-lived. The aftermath of the 1967 elections initiated a climate of politics by defection in which the Congress, and to a lesser extent the opposition, attempted to overthrow governments by winning over their state legislators with promises of grea ter political power and outright bribes. Needless to say, this period seriously undermined the ability of most parties to discipline their members. The increase in opposition-ruled state governments after 1967 also prompted the Congress to use Presidents Rule to dismiss opposition-led state governments with increasing frequency (see Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers, this ch.). Although the centrist and right-wing opposition formed a grand alliance during the 1971 parliamentary elections, it was not until the general elections of 197

I believe in second chances Essay

Carl Band once said, â€Å"Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending.† Growing up, I’ve learned to believe in second chances. Throughout my lifetime, I have noticed that every person makes mistakes at various points in their lifetime. As humans, we tend to hold grudges, but what we really need to try is to forgive and forget. Giving people second chances is a great thing to do; but what you do with your second chance is your decision. People can use the second chance to their advantage or they can use it to harm the people they have once hurt. I too have made mistakes in my life, but the people I’ve hurt the most while making these mistakes have always been the ones to forgive me. Three summers ago, I met my current boyfriend and I took advantage of him being there for me; he had given me so much love but I took that all for granted. How we met was strange. One night, I was on a video call with my best friend and randomly a guy appeared on the call; that was the night I met my boyfriend. At the beginning, the conversation was so awkward because, all he was doing was talking to my best friend, and finally she introduced me to him. She had told me that they meet through mutual friends and became close. After we got confortable with each other, we talked for hours about the most random topics all night long; I had never felt like I had a connection with someone like I did with him. After that night, we were inseparable; we talked constantly to each other. Regardless of not having anything to talk about or have the most pointless conversation, we could stay on the phone for hours and it just felt right. As time went on, I thought I had feelings for him and we finally decided to be together. The first month was just what I had imagined, but as school started, we slowly drifted apart. Living in two different states was already hard enough for both of us to communicate so, I started talking to different people and I started falling for someone else. It came to the point that I thought it was best to end things with my current boyfriend. What I didn’t  realize at that moment was that leaving my boyfriend was one of the worse mistakes I could make. Even though I moved on and went to another relationship for a while, in the back of my mind, I was constantly wondering what would have happened if we had stayed together and if we had actually tried to save our relationship. I had not spoken a word to him since we broke up, but two years later, we met again. August 31, 2013, was a night to remember: I got to reconnect with the love of my life. We were both at a charity event for our mosque. I had heard from a friend that his parents decided to send him to military school in Atlanta but I never actually met up with him while he was there. At first all I got was dirty stares from him, but finally we sat down and had a real conversation. We forgave each other for all the wrong things we did to each other and we slowly started bonding again. I got a second chance with him and I made certain that this time I did it right. For the first month, we talked and got to know each other again. On September 25, 2013 we officially got back together. After that moment, I realized that he was the guy for me. He was always so supportive of me and always cared about me. No matter how much the distant was, he was always there for me. Sometimes he couldn’t physically be their for me but, I knew if I ever needed advice or if I just needed someone to vent too, he was a phone call away. I was blessed to find a boyfriend and best friend all in one. I had given up on our relationship the first time and this time around; I would make sure that didn’t happen again. Now a year has passed and we still are together and happier than ever. Everyone makes mistakes. We all wish we had a redo button that magically fixed every mistake we have made, but life isn’t always that easy. In this situation, I was lucky to be given a second chance to mend my relationship. Knowing that second chances aren’t handed out, my current boyfriend gave me one because he believed in me and knew that with that second chance I could prove that things would really turn around this time.

Naked Economics Essay - 616 Words

Katherine Piedra P4 09/12/13 Chapter 1: The Power of Markets 1. What are the two basic assumptions that economists make about individuals and firms? First, we assume that all of these entities have unlimited wants. This assumption forms the basis of economics. It is the study of how entities try to fulfill these unlimited wants when confronted with limited resources. Second, we assume that all of these entities are rational actors. We assume that they typically act in ways that will help to achieve their goals. This allows us to understand their actions which we would not be able to do if we assumed that they constantly acted on the basis of whims. 2. What is the role and significance of prices in the market economy?†¦show more content†¦Chapter 6: Productivity and Human Capital 9. After reading Whelan’s argument, do you agree that Bill Gates should be so much richer than you? Why? 10. 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Essay on Coming of Age A Thematic Unit Plan - 3041 Words

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